April 17, 2006

The Honorable George W. Bush
President of the United States
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, DC 20500

Dear Mr. President:

Recent articles in the New Yorker and Washington Post report that the use of tactical nuclear weapons against - Iran - is being actively considered by Pentagon planners and by the White House. As members of the profession that brought nuclear weapons into existence, we urge you to refrain from such an action that would have grave consequences for America and for the world.

1800 of our fellow physicists have joined in a petition opposing new US nuclear weapons policies that open the door to the use of nuclear weapons in situations such as Iran's. These policies represent a "radical departure from the past", in the words of Linton Brooks, National Nuclear Security Administration director. Indeed, since the end of World War II, US policy has considered nuclear weapons "weapons of last resort", to be used only when the very survival of the nation or of an allied nation was at stake, or at most in cases of extreme military necessity. Instead, the new US nuclear weapons policies have significantly lowered the threshold for the potential use of nuclear weapons, as clearly evidenced by the fact that they are being considered as another tool in the toolbox to destroy underground installations that are "too deep" to be destroyed by conventional weapons. This is a major and dangerous shift in the rationale for nuclear weapons. In the words of the late Joseph Rotblat, Nobel Peace Prize recipient for his efforts to prevent nuclear war, "the danger of this policy can hardly be over-emphasized".

Nuclear weapons are unique among weapons of mass destruction: they unleash the enormous energy stored in the tiny nucleus of an atom, an energy that is a million times larger than that stored in the rest of the atom. The nuclear explosion releases an immense amount of blast energy and thermal and nuclear radiation, with deadly immediate and delayed effects on the human body. Over 100,000 human beings died in the Hiroshima blast, and nuclear weapons in today's arsenals have a total yield of over 200,000 Hiroshima bombs.

Using or even merely threatening to use a nuclear weapon preemptively against a nonnuclear adversary tells the 182 non-nuclear-weapon countries signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty that their adherence to the treaty offers them no protection against a nuclear attack by a nuclear nation. Many are thus likely to abandon the treaty, and the nuclear non-proliferation framework will be damaged even further than it already has, with disastrous consequences for the security of the United States and the world. There are no sharp lines between small "tactical" nuclear weapons and large ones, nor between nuclear weapons targeting facilities and those targeting armies or cities. Nuclear weapons have not been used for 60 years. Once the US uses a nuclear weapon again, it will heighten the probability that others will too. In a world with many more nuclear nations and no longer a "taboo" against the use of nuclear weapons, there will be a greatly enhanced risk that regional conflicts could expand into global nuclear war, with the potential to destroy our civilization.

It is gravely irresponsible for the U.S. as the greatest superpower to consider courses of action that could eventually lead to the widespread destruction of life on the planet. We urge you to announce publicly that the U.S. is taking the nuclear option off the table in the case of all nonnuclear adversaries, present or future, and we urge the American people to make their voices heard on this matter.

Sincerely,

Philip Anderson, Michael Fisher, David Gross, Jorge Hirsch, Leo Kadanoff, Joel Lebowitz, Anthony Leggett, Eugen Merzbacher, Douglas Osheroff, Andrew Sessler, George Trilling, Frank Wilczek, Edward Witten

Titles, addresses and contact information of authors:

Philip W. Anderson: Joseph Henry Professor of Physics,
Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
Tel: 609-258-5850
Email: pwa@pupgg.princeton.edu

Michael E. Fisher: Distinguished University Professor
and Regents Professor, Institute for Physical Science and Technology,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2431
Tel: 301-405-4819, Fax: (301) 314-9404,
Email: xpectnil@ipst.umd.edu

David J. Gross: Frederick W. Gluck Professor of
Theoretical Physics, Director-Kavli
Institute For Theoretical Physics, University of
California Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4030
Tel: 805-893-7337, FAX: (805) 893-2431
Email: gross@kitp.ucsb.edu

Jorge E. Hirsch: Professor, Department of Physics,
University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, CA 92093
Tel: 858-534-3931, Fax: 858-534-0173
Email: jhirsch@ucsd.edu

Leo P. Kadanoff, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
Professor of Physics and Mathematics,
Emeritus University of Chicago,
Chicago, IL 60637
Tel: 773-702-7189, 773-702-7184 (messages),
Email: l-kadanoff@uchicago.edu

Joel L. Lebowitz: George William Hill Professor of
Mathematics and Physics, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, 110 Frelinghuysen
Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019
Tel.: 732-445-3117
Email: lebowitz@math.rutgers.edu

Anthony J. Leggett: John D. and Catherine T.MacArthur
Professor and Professor of Physics and Professor
in the Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street,
Urbana, IL 61801-3080
Tel: 217-333-2077
Email: aleggett@uiuc.edu

Eugen Merzbacher: Kenan Professor Em. of Physics,
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255
Tel: 919-942-5429,
Email: merzbach@physics.unc.edu

Douglas D. Osheroff: J.G. Jackson and C.J. Wood
Professor of Physics and Applied Physics,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4060
Tel: 650-723-4228, Fax: 650-725-6544,
Email: osheroff@stanford.edu

Andrew M. Sessler: Distinguished Director, Emeritus,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
University of California, mS71-259, Berkeley, CA 94720
Tel: 510-484-4992
Email: AMSessler@lbl.gov

George H. Trilling: Professor Emeritus of Physics,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 50B-6222,
Berkeley, CA 94720
Tel: (510) 486-6801
Email: GHTrilling@lbl.gov

Frank Wilczek: Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics,
Department of Physics, Massachussets Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA 02139-4307
Tel: 617-253-0284,
Email: wilczek@mit.edu

Edward Witten: Charles Simonyi Professor of
Mathematical Physics, Institute for Advanced Study,
School of Natural Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540
Tel: 609-734-8000,
Email: witten@ias.edu

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